英语阅读理解题常见干扰方法例析，本文主要内容关键词为：法例论文,英语论文,阅读理解论文,干扰论文,常见论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
认真研究历年高考英语阅读理解题，不难发现，阅读理解题干扰项的设置具有一定的迷惑性，从而增加了理解文章的难度。针对这一趋势，要全面提高阅读理解能力，除具备深厚的语言功底，一定的阅读技巧和语篇分析能力外，做题时排除干扰的能力也很重要。以下结合例题对常见的干扰方法加以介绍和分析。
一、以偏概全法
此种干扰方法通常是以部分代替整体，以局部代替全局，以事实或支撑细节代替文章中心。此方法常用于考查文章主旨大意的备选选项中。
例如：NMET 1995A篇
The text is mainly about___________.
A.fatness and health
B.way to lose weight
C.people's figures
D.distribution of fat
解析：此题答案为A。干扰项BCD选项命题者采用了“以偏概全”的干扰方法。脂肪的分布方式、造成的不同肥胖体形(apple-shaped and pear-shaped)及减肥的方法(dieting)在文章中都有提及，但这些是支撑性细节，是为中心“肥胖与健康”服务的。
再如：NMET 2002阅读理解C篇
The subject discussed in this text_______.
A.the process of reaching decision
B.the difference between poker and chess.
C.the secret of making good business plans
D.the value of information in winning
解析：此题答案为A。干扰项B、D均采用“以偏概全”干扰方法。选项B(the difference between poker and chess)，以及选项D information的value在短文中都已提到，但都是为全文中心服务的，只属于supporting details，不能把他们当成全文的主题。
二、望文生义法
此干扰方法常用于字句理解题的每选选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替特定语境中的具体含义。
例如：NMET1995D篇
The underlined word "family"in the second paragraph means__________.
A.home
B.children
C.wife and husband
D.wife and children
解析：此题答案为B。干扰项C，D均采用了“望文生义法”。family通常含义为“家、家人”。但在此语境“his wife and family”中，family确切指his children.
再如：The boat had a mast（桅杆）and a sail（帆）but no motor（马达），so he was at the mercy of the wind.
What is the meaning of“at the mercy of the wind”.
A. looked successful because the wind helped him
B.seemed pitiful because the wind was always against him
C.was powerless against the wind
D.was fortunate because the wind showedmercy to him
解析：此题答案为C。干扰项D运用了“望文生义法”。“mercy"常见含义是“同情、怜悯”，但是此语境中“at the mercy of”的意思是“在……的支配下”。
三、鱼目混珠法
此种干扰法常用于理解文章有关细节的备选选项中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，错误只是局部有误。
例如：More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work.In the United States,the change from formal to casual office wear has been slow.In the early 1990s,many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday.This became known as“dress-down Friday”or“casual Friday”.“Whatstarted out as an extra one-day-a week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.”said business consultant Andony Jones.
According to the passage,which of the following is True?
A.Company workers started to dress down about 20 years ago.
B.Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.
C.“Dress-down Friday”was first given as afavour from employers.
D.Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
解析：此题答案为C。干扰项B运用了“鱼目混珠法”，根据原文“Dress-down has become aneveryday phenomenon”表达是正确的，但是加上时间状语since the early 1990s句意与原意不符。20世纪90年代初许多公司只允许员工星期五穿便衣。
四、故意夸张法
此种干扰方法常见于说明文的备选选项中，即在介绍科学实验或新科研成果时，把可能当作现实，把可能出现的问题设置为已经出现的问题，把未然当作已然。
例如:This week,Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells trom a deadfemale panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit.They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from 3 to 5 years to complete,with only about 1,000 pandas left in the world,China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species.
The best title for the passage may be_____
A.China's Success in Pandas Cloning
B.The First Cloned Panda in the world
C.Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D.China--the Native Place of Pandas Forever
解析：此题答案为C。干扰项A运用了“故意夸张法”，它的干扰因素就是把可能当作现实，把克隆熊猫的可能性理解为已经成功地克隆了熊猫。文中所用的“They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal和…China is desperately try toclone...”都是进行时，而不是已经完成了的动作。
五、偷换概念法
此种干扰方法是在对原文进行同义转换或解释的过程中，通过改变一些词汇或表达方法，使改变后的意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大的改变。
例如:Who first conceived the idea of the Festival of Hong Kong?To whom did he propose?How did he convince others of the feasibility of such a festival?How was the Festival told to the people of the "Pearl of the Orient"? Put it in another way:What purpose did the Festival serve?
The purpose,as stated in the newspaper was a double one:to give Hong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment in the grinding work of their daily lives.
The purpose of the Festival of Hong Kong is________.
A.to furnish newspaper with news
B.to attract tourists from abroad
C.to provide relief for the workers
D.to enable people to realize that life is notall work
解析：此题答案为D。选项C采用了“偷换概念”的干扰方法。原文“The purpose is to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment"而干扰项C把原文中的working people偷换成workers，使范围缩小，表达不准确。
六、扩缩范围法
英语文章为了表达的准确、严密，很注意对范围的限定，有时通过加上almost all，nearly，more than，normally，usually等词对文意加以限制，“扩缩范围”干扰法就是通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中范围、程度、色彩等改变，从而导致错误。
例如：In some mails，people can see a doctoror a dentist and even attend church.In other words，people can do just about everything in malls.Now residents can actually live in their favourite shopping center.
Why have malls become so popular?
A.Because people can do everything there.
B.Because people can do many others things besides shopping for all they need.
C.Because people feel safe in malls with police stations around.
D.Because people enjoy the flesh air and can have a good rest there.
解析：此题答案为B，干扰项A运用了“扩缩范围法”通过去掉原文中的限制词“about”，将文意发生改变，扩大了范围，使表现绝对化。
综上所述，阅读理解干扰项设置有一定的规律可循，如果做题时能够把握干扰的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点，或不合题目要求的信息点，必将起到事半功倍的作用，提高理解的准确率。