硼替佐米治疗髓外结肠浆细胞瘤1例并文献复习论文_谢晓艳,王方方,孙爱红,管俊(通讯作者)

谢晓艳 王方方 孙爱红 管俊(通讯作者)

(江苏省扬州市苏北人民医院血液科 江苏扬州 225000)

【摘要】浆细胞瘤是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,髓外浆细胞瘤中结肠浆细胞瘤的发生率更低。本文报告了一例67岁女性患者,以腹痛起病,肠镜提示降结肠病变,病理提示浆细胞瘤,其余血清M蛋白、肝肾功能、骨髓、骨影像学检查均阴性,诊断原发性结肠髓外浆细胞瘤,应用硼替佐米联合地塞米松、环磷酰胺治疗,化疗后死于感染并发症。本文总结讨论了文献报道的31例患者,多以腹痛、血便起病,其中原发性髓外浆细胞瘤对手术、放疗疗效佳,预后好;而继发于多发性骨髓瘤的结肠浆细胞瘤则预后差。文献报道硼替佐米治疗髓外浆细胞瘤疗效佳,还有待积累更多的临床研究。

【关键词】髓外浆细胞瘤;结肠;硼替佐米

【中图分类号】R730.5 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1007-8231(2015)12-0145-03

【Abstract】Plasmacytoma is a rare malignant tumor , but the incidence of the colonic extramedullary plasmacytomas is more lower. We report a case of 67-year-old female patient with abdominal pain onset. The colonoscopy examination revealed descending colon lesions, which was biopsied. Pathological evaluation showed plasmacytoma. The other laboratory tests including M protein, renal profile, and liver function test results normalized. Bone marrow aspiration and bone emission computed tomographywere within normal limits.A diagnosis, therefore, was made of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the colon.After she was administerated with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone, she died of infection complications.The text also summarized and discussed 31 cases reported in literatures who complained of abdominal pain and bloody stool. Primary colonic extramedullary plasmacytomas can be treated with local therapy (radiation, resection); however, multiple myeloma with secondary colonic extramedullary plasmacytomas is suggestive of aggressive disease with a poor outcome. Mentioned in the literatures, plasmacytomas are successfully treated with bortezomib-containing chemotherapy. Longer follow‐up and larger number of patients is needed to interpret the result and survival and to determine the proper line of management.

【Key words】Medullary plasmacytomas;Colon;Bortezomib

浆细胞瘤是由浆细胞异常增生而形成的肿瘤,是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,可分为多发性骨髓瘤、孤立性骨浆细胞瘤、浆细胞性白血病和髓外浆细胞瘤等4种类型[1]。约80%的髓外浆细胞瘤发生于上呼吸道,包括口腔部、鼻咽部、鼻窦和喉,但也可发生于许多其他部位,如胃肠道、淋巴结、膀胱、中枢神经、乳腺、甲状腺、睾丸、腮腺和皮肤,胃肠部占约7.2%。而消化道浆细胞瘤中以胃部受累最常见,其次是胃、结肠、食管[2]。本文现报道1例选用万珂治疗的原发于结肠的髓外浆细胞瘤,分析其临床特点,并复习相关文献,以骨髓瘤、浆细胞瘤、结肠、消化道为主要检索词,检索了Pubmed以及中国知网,总结了自报道以来原发于结肠的浆细胞瘤和多发性骨髓瘤结肠侵犯的病例,以提高对其的认识水平,探讨最佳的治疗方案。

1.临床资料

患者,女性,67岁,因“腹痛半月”于2013-07-02入院。入院半月前患者反复中上腹阵发性疼痛,伴恶心、呕吐胃内容物,大便秘结量少,三天大便一次。入院后查体:无明显贫血貌,全身浅表淋巴结无肿大,心肺无阳性体征,腹部平软,未见胃肠型及蠕动波,中上腹轻压痛,未触及包块,肝脾无明显肿大。实验室检查:血常规血红蛋白107g/L、白细胞 4.2×109/L、血小板204×109/L。尿常规正常。大便隐血试验阴性。血生化ALB 25.1 g/L,GLB 30.4g/L,肝肾功能正常。血尿β2-微球蛋白正常。肿瘤标志物正常。全腹部CT平扫+增强示肠管扩张积气明显。腹平片示左上腹肠管扩张。胃镜示十二指肠球部溃疡、胆汁反流性胃炎、食管炎。肠镜示降结肠病变,病理示镜检镜下示肠粘膜固有层内见中等大小圆形细胞,染色质呈车轮状排列,核稍偏位。免疫表型:LCA、CD138、EMA、MUM1、CD10均阳性,Bcl-6、CKpan、CD20、Pax-5、CD3、CD43、CD5、CyclinD1、CD56均阴性,Ki67增殖指数约20%。病理诊断:浆细胞瘤。骨髓涂片示未见浆细胞异常增殖。免疫球蛋白电泳未发现单克隆M蛋白升高。尿本周氏蛋白阴性。血尿游离轻链检查均阴性。骨ECT检查未发现明显异常。最终诊断原发性结肠髓外浆细胞瘤,不完全性肠梗阻。患者入院后给予流质饮食、抗感染、营养支持等治疗,患者症状无改善,后给予BCD方案化疗,具体为:万珂1.3mg/m2(1.75mg)d1、4、8、11,环磷酰胺 600mg d1,地塞米松 40mg d1-4。化疗期间监测血常规白细胞波动在(3.1~4.9)×109/L之间,血红蛋白(62~72)g/L,血小板波动在(44~96)×109/L之间,化疗最后一天血常规血红蛋白48g/L、白细胞 0.3×109/L、血小板16×109/L,且腹胀加重,发热,咽痛,复查腹部平片提示见气液平,给予升白细胞、输红细胞、血小板以及禁食、抗感染、营养支持治疗,但病情无逆转,最终出现血压下降,经积极抗休克治疗仍无效,于化疗第14天死亡。

2.讨论

来源于髓外软组织的浆细胞瘤可以是原发性,也可以是继发性。累及结肠的浆细胞瘤发生率较低,国外报道原发于结肠的髓外浆细胞瘤至今不足25例,继发于骨髓瘤的结肠浆细胞瘤也较少[2]。除本例患者以外,本文共总结了国内外累及结肠的浆细胞瘤31例(表1)[3-25]。

31例患者中,2/3(20/31例)为男性,1/3(11/31例)为女性,年龄分布在30至90岁之间,中位年龄55岁。原发性结肠髓外浆细胞瘤约占70.97%(22/31例),骨髓瘤结肠浸润者约29.03%(9/31例)。临床大多表现为不同的消化道局部症状,以血便症状最多见(15/31例),其后依次为腹痛(12/31例)、腹泻(5/31例)、腹胀(4/31例)、恶心呕吐(3/31例),其他也可有贫血、发热、消瘦等非消化系统症状。NO.31患者未治疗即因肺栓塞死亡,提示髓外浆细胞瘤血栓风险提高。肿瘤通常生长迅速,病变部位表现为溃疡、结节、肿块、溃疡型肿块等。病变范围往往较大,文献中有记载可测量病变范围,短径(1.5~8)cm,长径(3~20)cm。且病变往往不局限在结肠,还合并有消化道其他部位侵犯,包括胃、十二指肠、腹膜等。

因髓外浆细胞瘤通常对放射线有较高的敏感性,因此一般首选放疗。当病灶比较局限、有足够的切缘范围时,也可以采用手术治疗[24]。部分髓外浆细胞瘤合并远处转移也有采用化疗治疗,通常参考多发性骨髓瘤的化疗方案[23]。本文总结的病例中,原发性结肠浆细胞瘤患者中,由于病变较大,多位孤立性,较多病例采取手术或先手术,后联合化疗、放疗的治疗手段,多能短期内取得缓解,并且随访生存期长达0.5年~14年。也有孤立性结肠浆细胞瘤采用放疗手段者获得长生存报道。总体来说,与文献报道原发性髓外浆细胞瘤预后较好相一致。但骨髓瘤合并结肠浆细胞瘤患者,预后较差,易合并其他部位多处侵犯,往往表现为疾病终末期,生存期较短[23、25],表1中8例骨髓瘤患者无论是起病时合并结肠髓外侵犯,还是结肠髓外浆细胞瘤复发,总生存期1个月~1年,中位生存期4月。原发性髓外浆细胞瘤进展为骨髓瘤阶段后生存期短,预后差,如NO.12病例以原发性髓外浆细胞瘤起病,进展为骨髓瘤后则病情进展迅速,一年内死亡。所以有人认为,结肠浆细胞瘤是多发性骨髓瘤的早期阶段,因此早期诊断、及时治疗对浆细胞瘤的预后意义重大[21]。

硼替佐米属于一种可逆性26Sd蛋白酶体抑制剂,其作用机制是以蛋白酶为靶目标,阻止细胞内的蛋白降解,导致细胞周期停止和抗血管生成作用,还可促进CASP8与CASP9介导的多发性骨髓瘤细胞的凋亡,在治疗多发性骨髓瘤指南中是属于一线治疗地位。近年来也有试用于髓外浆细胞瘤的治疗报道,取得了较好的疗效[26、27]。本例患者起病时虽然仅累及结肠,但表现为严重低蛋白血症,并且肠梗阻症状持续存在,进行性贫血,一般情况差难以耐受手术以及放疗,故选择硼替佐米在内的方案化疗治疗,但患者化疗过程中病情无好转,且最终死于化疗并发症,生存期极短,分析原因可能是由于患者对于硼替佐米的个体敏感性。至于新药硼替佐米的引入是否能取代手术、放疗治疗结肠孤立性髓外浆细胞瘤成为一线治疗,还有待积累更多的经验。

3.总结

结肠浆细胞瘤是一种罕见的髓外浆细胞瘤。主要采取放疗以及手术的治疗手段,往往预后较好。由于新药硼替佐米等的出现,期待更多应用于该类患者以探讨更好的治疗方案。

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论文作者:谢晓艳,王方方,孙爱红,管俊(通讯作者)

论文发表刊物:《心理医生》2015年12期供稿

论文发表时间:2016/5/9

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硼替佐米治疗髓外结肠浆细胞瘤1例并文献复习论文_谢晓艳,王方方,孙爱红,管俊(通讯作者)
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