合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成的下肢骨折患者的术前抗凝方案论文_于立志1,王光敏1,李凌云2,刘永华1,任立红1

合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成的下肢骨折患者的术前抗凝方案论文_于立志1,王光敏1,李凌云2,刘永华1,任立红1

1.滨州市中心医院 山东滨州 251700;2.莒县人民医院 山东日照 276500

摘要:目的 探讨合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成(muscular calf vein thrombosis MCVT)的下肢骨折患者安全、有效的术前抗凝方案。方法 对2009年7月到2014年10月间因下肢骨折入院,术前合并MCVT,经抗凝治疗并成功实施手术的232例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。年龄19-74岁,平均46岁,男147,女85例。根据术前抗凝方案不同分组。A组:低分子量肝素钙(Low molecular heparin calcium LMHC)5000IU,皮下注射,每日一次,抗凝1周左右行手术治疗。B组:LMHC 5000IU,皮下注射,每日一次,抗凝2周左右行手术治疗。C组:LMHC 5000IU,皮下注射,每日两次,抗凝2周左右行手术治疗。术后检测肌间静脉血栓脱落,血栓近端扩展及症状性肺栓塞(pulmonary emboli PE)发生率。数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计处理。结果 A组91例,B组69例,C组72例。术后肌间静脉血栓脱落率分别为4.39%,1.45%,4.17%。血栓近端扩展分别为3.29%,2.89%,1.39%。症状性PE分别为2.19%,1.45%,2.28%。行χ2检验示A、B、C组间差异均无统计学意义。结论 对于合并MCVT的下肢骨折患者采用LMHC 5000IU,皮下注射,每日一次,监测1周左右手术治疗,是一种安全、有效的术前抗凝方案。延长抗凝时间及加大抗凝药用量不能显著降低风险。

关键词:小腿肌间静脉血栓形成;低分子量肝素钙;术前抗凝

Abstract:Objective To investigate a safe and effective method of preoperative anticoagulation in the patients with fracture in lower limb combined with muscular calf vein thrombosis(MCVT).Methods From July 2009 to octember 2014,the clinical data of 232 cases of fracture combined with MCVT were studied retrospectively,range from 19 to 74 years old(average 46).There are 147 males and 85 females which femur fracture in 41 cases,tibial fracture in 137 cases,ankle and foot fracture in 21cases,Multiple fracture in 43 cases.According to the different preoperative anticoagulation approach,all the patients divided into three groups.groupA:Low molecular heparin calcium(LMHC)5000 units,hypodermic injection(iH),once a day.The treatment continued one week before opration.Group B:LMHC 5000 units,iH,once a day.The treatment continued two weeks before opration..Group C:LMHC 5000 units,iH,twice a day.The treatment continued for two weeks before opration.The rate of clot broken off,proximal extension and symptomatic pulmonary emboli(PE)was surveilled postoperatively.The data were analyzed with SPSS statistic software.Rezults There are 91 cases in group A,69 cases in group B and 72 cases in group C.The rate of clot breaking off in group A,B,C was 4.39%,1.45%,4.17%.The rate of proximal extension was 3.29%,2.89%,1.39% respectively.The rate of sympotematic PE was 2.19%,1.45%,2.28%.There were no significant differences between A,B,C group(P>0.05).Conclusion LMHC 5000 units,iH,once a day,continued one week before opration was a safe and effective preoperative anticoagulation approach for the patient of fracture in lower limb combined with muscular calf vein thrombosis.Prolonged preoperative anticoagulation time and larger dose anticoagulant can not reduce operationa and postoperation risk.

Key words:Muscular calf vein thrombosis;Low molecular heparin calcium;Anticoagulation

随着超声诊断技术的不断提高及普及和临床骨科医生对下肢深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis DVT)的认识的提升,下肢骨折病人合并MCVT患者几年来呈明显上升趋势。据统计,MCVT患者占总下肢深静脉血栓的40%左右[1][2]。不同于下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的术前准备临床医生已达成广泛共识,此类病人术前准备策略研究报道较少,术前抗凝治疗无统一方案。本研究通过回顾性分析此类患者不同术前准备方案的治疗效果,旨在提供一种安全、有效的术前准备方法。

1.资料和方法

1.1研究对象:本研究收集了2009年7月到2014年10月因下肢骨折入院,术前检查确定MCVT,后经治疗并成功实施手术患者232例,年龄19-74岁,平均46岁,男147,女85例,股骨骨折47例,胫腓骨骨折153例,足踝部骨折32例。(确诊时合并主干静脉DVT或PE,和术前准备过程中出现血栓扩展或PE患者不在本研究范围之内)

1.2研究方法:

1.2.1 MCVT检测方法:受检者取俯卧或侧卧位,充分暴露小腿进行多切面扫查,并与对侧相同位置进行对比,存在血栓表现为:管腔增宽且管腔内存在低回声,探头加压不能被压瘪、彩色多普勒超声无血流信号或细束血流信号[3][4]。

1.2.2此类患者诊断明确后,回顾资料按术前准备不同分为:A组:发现后给予下肢弹力绷带加压包扎,LMHC 5000单位,皮下注射,每日一次,立即复查血凝及D-二聚体并检测变化,并每3-4天复查下肢静脉超声。检测1周左右下肢静脉超声示血栓无增大,D-二聚体较确诊时无升高,血凝无明显异常后行手术治疗。术前24小时停用LMHC。B组:发现后给予下肢弹力绷带加压包扎,LMHC 5000单位,皮下注射,每日一次,立即复查血凝及D-二聚体并检测变化,并每3-4天复查下肢静脉超声。检测2周左右下肢静脉超声示血栓无增大,D-二聚体较确诊日明显减低乃至正常范围,血凝无明显异常后行手术治疗。术前24小时停用LMHC。C组:发现后给予下肢弹力绷带加压包扎,LMHC 5000单位,皮下注射,每日两次,立即复查血凝及D-二聚体并检测变化,并每3-4天复查下肢静脉超声。检测2周左右下肢静脉超声示血栓无增大,D-二聚体较确诊日明显减低乃至正常范围,血凝无明显异常后行手术治疗。术前24小时停用LMHC。所有A、B、C组患者术后12-24小时即维持原抗凝治疗方案。术后3-10天复查下肢静脉超声。对怀疑有PE患者,24小时内完成肺部强化CT检查。

1.3统计学方法:应用SPSS13.0软件包进行统计学处理。对A、B、C三组不同术前抗凝方案患者进行术后肌间静脉血栓脱落,血栓近端扩展及症状性PE统计。计数资料以百分率表示,行完全随机设计下多组频数分布的χ2检验。P﹤0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果:A组91例,术后肌间静脉血栓脱落4例(4.39%),血栓近端扩展3例(3.29%),症状性PE2例(2.19%)。B组69例,术后肌间静脉血栓脱落1例(1.45%),血栓近端扩展2例(2.89%),症状性PE1例(1.45%)。C组72例,术后肌间静脉血栓脱落3例(4.17%),血栓近端扩展(1.39%),症状性PE2例(2.28%)。A、B、C组间行完全随机设计下多组频数分布的χ2检验示:术后肌间静脉血栓脱落率χ2检验(χ2=1.185,df=2,p=0.553)。术后血栓近端扩展率χ2检验(χ2=0.619,df=2,p=0.734)。术后症状性PE发生率χ2检验(χ2=0.296,df=2,p=0.862)。

期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆三种术前抗凝方案在术后术后肌间静脉血栓脱落,血栓近端扩展,症状性PE发生率差异上无统计学意义。

讨论:下肢DVT中约有一半患者为孤立性远端血栓[5]。孤立性远端血栓分为累及静脉不同分为小腿DVT(累及胫前、胫后、腓静脉)及MCVT(累及小腿肌肉静脉)。MCVT一般多累及比目鱼肌和腓肠肌静脉[6][7]。因目前对其此类病理的自然病程及临床风险缺乏系统、大量研究[8],对其诊断及治疗尚未达成共识[9][10][11],特别是骨科拟手术患者合并此类疾病的术前抗凝治疗。MCVT虽然非绝对手术禁忌症,但因其有进展为下肢DVT可能性,临床上为追求手术安全性,一般会采取术前抗凝治疗。但是一般短期治疗难以见效,临床医生往往选择加大抗凝药物应用剂量,延长术前准备时间,临时性下腔静脉滤器植入[12][13]等方法减少血栓近端扩展及症状性PE的发生。常常导致大剂量抗凝药物应用并发症,延误最佳骨折手术时机及造成住院日、住院费用的增加。

本研究通过回顾性分析下肢骨折合并MCVT患者的不同处理方案,力图寻找一种安全、有效的术前准备策略。此类患者的术中及术后危险因素主要集中在以下几个方面:血栓脱落并因其肺栓塞;血栓增殖并向近端扩展,累及小腿知名深静脉[14][15][16]。因静脉血栓发病位置位于小腿肌间静脉丛中,此处血管一般血管迂曲,血流缓慢,栓子脱落几率较低,加之栓子较小,造成致命性肺栓塞几率低。研究证实10%的如不进行抗凝治疗会出现血栓增殖生长并近端生长,且绝大多数发生在1周以内[6]。LMHC是目前最为常有的抗凝剂,安全、有效,在治疗和预防深静脉血栓形成中是国际骨科创伤协会、美国胸科医师协会等强烈推荐使用药物,具有较高的安全性和有效性[17][18]。基于以上理论根据对合并MCVT的下肢骨折患者的术前抗凝治疗进行了抗凝药物剂量及时间的划分,研究显示对于合并MCVT的下肢骨折患者的术前准备室应用抗凝药物低分子肝素钙,皮下注射,每日一次,应用7天,并配合下肢弹力加压等其他治疗手段,观察血栓无近端扩展,行手术治疗且术后血栓脱落、血栓近端扩展及肺栓塞发生率与增加抗凝时间或加倍抗凝药物用量相比差异无统计学意义。

当然,以上阐述必须建立在超声证实MCVT无近端扩展,未合并小腿知名静脉DVT基础上。对于合并有知名深静脉DVT特别是下肢近端深静脉DVT患者因其栓子较大,易脱落,危害大等原因,采用比较安全的下腔静脉滤器植入后再行手术治疗较为稳妥。

总之,对于合并MCVT的下肢骨折患者的术前准备时应用抗凝药物LMHC5000单位,皮下注射,每日一次,应用7天检测血栓无近端扩展后行手术治疗是一种安全、有效的术前抗凝方案。可有效避免手术延期,降低抗凝及手术风险。延长用药时间和增加用药剂量并不能有效降低术后血栓脱落、血栓近端扩展及肺栓塞发生率。

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论文作者:于立志1,王光敏1,李凌云2,刘永华1,任立红1

论文发表刊物:《健康世界》2015年3期

论文发表时间:2015/10/27

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合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成的下肢骨折患者的术前抗凝方案论文_于立志1,王光敏1,李凌云2,刘永华1,任立红1
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