定语从句的用法及解决问题的技巧_定语从句论文

定语从句的用法及解决问题的技巧_定语从句论文

定语从句的用法及解题小窍门,本文主要内容关键词为:从句论文,定语论文,小窍门论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

一、定语从句引导词的分类

能引导定语从句的引导词有:关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that和关系副词when,where,why等。如:

①The lady who had lunch with me just now is my teacher.刚刚与我共进午餐的那位女士是我的老师。(lady是先行词,who是关系代词)

②The town where I was born is Zhouzhuang.我出生于周庄。(town是先行词,where是关系副词)

二、关系代词和关系副词的作用和用法

1.关系代词可以作定语从句的主语、宾语或定语

(1)who指人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语;whom指人,是宾格,在定语从句中作宾语;whose通常指人,也可指物,是所有格,在定语从句中作定语。如:

①The man who is standing over there is our headmaster.站在那边的那位男士是我们的校长。

②This is the man(whom) I met in Thailand during my National Holiday.这就是我国庆假期在泰国遇见的那个人。

③Could you please pass me the book whose cover is red?你能把那本红色封面的书递给我吗?

(2)which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如:

①The purse which is lying on the floor is not mine.在地上的那个钱包不是我的。

②The factory which we visited yesterday is very famous in the world.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是全球闻名的。

(3)that指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指物时,它的用法和which大致相同。如:

①The comrade that you saw is a hero.你见到的那个同志是个英雄。(that作宾语,指人)

②Is this the problem that you can not work out?你解决不了的问题是这个吗?(that作宾语,指物)

③The man that hit me last night is a thief.昨晚打我的那个人是一个小偷。(that作主语,指人)

④There is no difficulty that cannot be overcome.没有不能克服的困难。(that作主语,指物)

(4)that和which都指物时,一般可以通用。但在下列情况下必须用that,而不能用which。

①先行词为everything,nothing,something,anything,much little,all,few,none,the one等时。如:

That is all that I know.这是我知道的全部了。

②先行词为数词或先行词被序数词(含last)修饰时。如:

You are the first person that is interested in my topic.你是第一个对我的话题感兴趣的人。

③先行词被形容词的最高级或the very,the only等修饰时。如:

This is the most beautiful beach(that) I have ever seen.这是我所见到的海滩中最漂亮的一个。

④先行词中既有人又有物时。如:

We were deeply impressed by the workers and factories that we had visited.那些我们访问过的工人和参观过的工厂给我们留下了深刻的印象。

⑤先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。如:

This is a dictionary that will help you a lot.这是本对你很有帮助的字典。

(5)有些情况不宜用that。

①关系代词前有介词时。如:

This is the town in which I was born.这就是我出生的城市。

②先行词本身是that时。如:

What was that which he said?他说了些什么?

(6)whom,which和that在定语从句中作宾语时,特别是在口语中,往往可以省略。如:Is that the car(which) you want to buy?那就是你要买的汽车吗?

2.关系代词whom,which有时在定语从句中作介词的宾语

关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,介绍一般放在先行词与关系代词之间。如:

I want to make some friends from whom I can learn a lot.我想结交几个可以从他们那学到许多东西的朋友。

但是,有时介词也可以放在宾语从句的后面,特别是在省略了关系代词时,介词必须放在定语从句的后面。如:

The room we live in is very bright.我们住的那间房很明亮。

3.关系代词which有时指前面整个一句话

关系代词which有时指前面整个一句话。这时关系代词前面有逗号,定语从句是附加的说明,which的意思相当于and this。如:

He passed the big examination,which satisfied all this families very much.他通过了重大考试,家人都很满意。

4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句的先行词不可缺少,如果省去,主语的意思就会不完整或不明确。限制性定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句,只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去,主句的意思仍然很清楚,它和主句之间常用逗号分开。试比较下列句子。

①限制性定语从句:I have a brother who is a doctor.我有一个当医生的兄弟。(意思是我还有其他兄弟)

②非限制性定语从句:I have a brother,who is a doctor.我有一个兄弟,是个医生。(意思是我只有一个兄弟)

在非限制性定语从句中不宜用关系代词that。因此,凡是that所引导的定语从句,一般都是限制性定语从句。如:

误:She gave me some tips,that were very useful.

正:She gave me some tips,which were very useful.(非限制性定语从句)

正:She gave me some tips that(which) were very useful.(限制性定语从句)

5.关系副词where,when和why在定语从句中的使用方法

关系副词where,when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。

(1)where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如:

This is the school where I graduated.这是我毕业的学校。

(2)when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:

He came to our school in 1990 when my first students graduated.他是在我的第一批学生毕业的1990年来到我们学校的。

(3)why指原因、理由,在定语从句中作原因状语。如:

The reason(why) he changed his mind is not known.他改变主意的原因尚不知道。

三、解答定语从句的小窍门

同学们在解题的时候往往会被这样的一句话困扰:定语从句的先行词是地点就用where,是时间就用when,是原因就用why。其实这句话并不是绝对的。当先行词是时间、地点、原因这三个内容的时候,有的时候引导词该用where,when,why,有的时候该用that或which。解决这个问题可以用到下面两个小窍门。

窍门1 定语从句翻译的中文意思中先行词可以译为“在……时候”时,引导词就用when;译为“在……地方”时,引导词用where;译为“由于……原因”时,引导词则用why。

窍门2 用排除法。若定语从句不缺主语和宾语,则引导词是代替先行词作状语,此时,再根据先行词的内容,挑选恰当的引导词。时间——when,地点——where,原因——why。相反,若引导词不是代替先行词作状语,而是主语或宾语,那就用which或that。

试比较下列句子:

The city where he was born is Shenzhen.他出生于深圳。

The city which(that) I love best is Shanghai.上海是我最爱的城市。

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定语从句的用法及解决问题的技巧_定语从句论文
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