西安市临潼区职业教育中心
关键词：基本概念 段落中的位置 拓展方式
在英语的论说文和说明文中，段落主题句既是段落主题的重要标志，也是构成段落的重要手段。因此，中学生要写好主题作文和中文提示作文，必须首先掌握主题句的概念，了解其特点和作用。主题句作文有较强的控制性，要求中学生根据作文题和所给的各段主题句围绕某一特定主题展开论述。
1、主题句基本概念 主题句是论说文或说明文中阐明段落中心思想或主要内容的核心句子，对全段的论述起着宏观指导和限制作用，如同一条公路上各路段的路标一样，引导驾驶员依循指定的路线行驶，避免迷失方向。例如：
Whatever one does,one should do it with confidence.If one has no confidence,there is little possibility that one would ever achieve anything,especially when one is faced with drawbacks or hardships.This truth seams to be self-evident.However ,in reality we do see a lot of people who complain that they lack the ability to do something or that their difficulties are too great to overcome.For some,this might be true,But for many others,this only shows that they have lost heart.
此段第一句即是主题句（Topic sentences）,指出一个人无论做什么事，他都应该自信地去做这件事，接下来是展开句（Developing sentences）,对主题句进行充实和展开论述。
2、主题句在段落中的位置
1）段首主题句 主题句多见于段首。这样，既可以突出重点，使读者从一开始就可以明了段落的主题和中心思想，也有利于作者有效地组织段落，控制段落内容，并提醒作者紧扣主题。例如：
Why do people often feel frustrated even though they are capable of doing something? There are among others,two main reasons.First,these people do not have a correct estimate of themselves.Second,they overestimate the difficulties.
2）段中主题句 有时主题句也可能位于段落的中间。这种位置利于先举事例，然后于段落中间部分用主题句综合概括，接着进一步举例或引申说明。例如：
Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with him.If I get a telephone call,he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out what,s wrong with him.Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun.He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace.Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat.Then,when he finally grows tired,it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.
3）段尾主题句：段尾主题句主要是对前文进行总结和概括。
期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆或者为了突出具体内容，引起读者的思考和兴趣，也可将主题句置于段尾。例如：
Perhaps you don,t like a teacher or a classmate.Try to see why,and look at yourself,too,to be sure that you are not doing something to make that person dislike you.In time,things may turn out all right if you just keep trying to be pleasant and polite.If things don,t turn out all right,then you will simply have to learn to get along the rest you can with the situation,without thinking too much about it.Worrying never helps in a situation you can,t change.
4）双重主题句：为了更进一步突出段落主题思想，加深读者的印象，也可以就同一主题在段首与段尾各设一个主题句相互呼应，后者对前者起补充的作用。例如：
Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country.Americans eat with knives and forks;Japanese eat with chopsticks.Americans say“Hi”when they meet.Japanese bow.American men open doors for women.Japanese men do not.On the surface,it appears that good manners in American are not good manners in Japan,and in a way this is true.but in all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to.It is only the ways of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
3、主题句的拓展方式
1）解答法：根据给出的主题句或自己写出的主题句，先用why或how设问，然后把段落主题句作为一个总的问题用解释、讨论或描述的方式给予解答。这样，写段落就变为回答问题。
2）逐句问答法：确立主题句之后，将主题句作为一个总问题，接下来以前句问、后句答的连续问答方式展开段落。这样，不但把错综复杂的思维表达化解为前后相接的简便的问与答的模式，以便于有效地展开论述，而且能有效地保持句子间的连贯性和逻辑性。
3）归纳法：既然主题句主要是点明段落主题或引出话题，因此可以对段落主题用分析归纳的方式进行讨论，再由此而得出结论。这样，不但论述条理清楚，逻辑性较强，而且动笔时也不至于茫无头绪。
4）分项阐述法：根据主题句提出的论点或话题从几个不同的角度围绕段落主题展开讨论，由此及彼，分门别类，不愁没有内容和缺乏说服力。
5）两分法：人们都习惯用一分为二的方法分析和看待事物，用这种方法来展开段落，既便于论述，又具有较强的逻辑性和说服力。
6）反证法：从反面来论证由主题提出的观点，用反面的事实来证明某一观点的正确性，使自己的论述更有说服力，也有利于段落的展开。
综上所述，我们就英语主题作文题型，浅谈了英语主题句的基本概念、段落中的位置和拓展方式，我们要理性地研究并践行英语主题句作文题型的客观规律，努力提高中学生英语写作和阅读、听力、会话水平。
论文作者:李纲要
论文发表刊物:《科技新时代》2018年5期
论文发表时间:2018/7/19
标签：主题论文; 段落论文; 论述论文; 英语论文; 方式论文; 逻辑性论文; 论说文论文; 《科技新时代》2018年5期论文;