零冠词与冠词的省略,本文主要内容关键词为:冠词论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
零冠词在形式上与冠词的省略相同,但在性质上却有根本的区别。零冠词是冠词的一种,表示名词的所指意义,如果改用了其它冠词,其所指意义就会变化。冠词的省略是在该用冠词的地方,由于文体或篇幅的关系,而省略了有关冠词。二者属于不同的语法范畴,不能混为一谈。零冠词与冠词的省略的用法很多,本文仅归纳一些常见用法。
一、零冠词的用法
1.用于物质名词、抽象名词、集体名词和复数可数名词前:
Blood is thicker than water.
Honesty is the best policy.
Society must be responsible for his degradation.
Misfortunes never come singly.
2.用于呼语的家人称谓前,但家人称谓的第一个字母要大写:
Did you order a taxi,madam?
Where has Father gone?
注:受雇用的nurse,cook,teacher前也不用定冠词。例如:
Ask nurse to lay the table.
3.用于同位语或主语补足语以说明身份、独一无二的职务或头衔及表示某种抽象概念的名词前:
Churchill,famous statesman and writer,was the former British Prime Minister.
She is critic first,poet next.
He was appointed director of the society.
4.用于turn,go之后作补语的名词前:
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
John has gone socialist/Democrat.
5.用于下列让步状语从句位于句首的单数可数名词前:
Child as Sally is,she has seen much of the world.
Hero as he was,he shuddered at the sight.
6.用于并列的单数名词前:
Lion hunter,snake handler,door keeper and cook,John was all these and more.
7.用于某些独立结构中:
He sat at the table,coat off,head down,and pen in hand.
注:独立结构前加with,则要用其他限定词,如with a pen in his hand。
8.用于疾病名称前,如:anemia,appendicitis,diabetes,pneumonia,但有时也常见(the)flu,(the)measles,(the)mumps,而下列疾病名称前一般用a或an:a cold,an ache,a headache,a fever,a pain,a temperature。
9.用于节假日、季节、日期、月份、日、夜、早、晚、周、年等名词前:
(The)Spring Festival is the time for family reunions.
Birds fly north in(the)summer and south in(the)winter.
注:季节的名称前用和不用定冠词区别很小,但若具体指某一年的某个季节时,要用定冠词,如:
The first time I was in France was in the spring of 1968.有时还可用不定冠词(如当有形容词修饰语时):“We'll have a very cold winter this year”,says the weather man.另外,在during the summer,all through that autumn等习惯说法中,季节名词前要用定冠词。如:
Day is fading into dark.
Evening came on.
I have been busy all(the)week.
10.用于一日三餐的名词前:
Lunch is ready.
但若要确指某一餐则要用定冠词,表示“一种”时,要用不定冠词。例如:
Thank you for the good dinner.
Usually I have a light breakfast.
11.序数词前不用冠词的四种情况:
(1)序数词作副词时,不用冠词。例如:
First read fast to get a general idea.
Second read in detail.
(2)序数词作名词用,表示“名次”等时,不用冠词。例如:
The city is second with a population of 1,000,000 in the province.
He came first in the contest.
但:She took a first in the match.
(3)序数词和名词构成的复合形容词前不用冠词。例如:
Don't buy second-hand car.
但:She bought a second-class ticket.
(4)有些由序数词表示的街道名词前不用冠词。例如:
Sixth Avenue,Twenty-second Street
12.用于单独使用的语言名词前:
He began to learn French in the fifties.
但:English is an international language.在the Chinese language,the English language等词组中要用定冠词。
13.用于表示学科的名词前:
He majors in physics.(history,art,chemistry)
14.用于球类、棋类等体育运动及游戏的名词前:
Let's have a game of volleyball.
Shall we play chess?
I'm having some friends over for bridge tomorrow.
15.形容词最高级前不加定冠词的五种情况:
(1)如果形容词最高级用来加强语气,表示“非常、极其”的意思,前面一般不用定冠词,但有时可以用不定冠词。例如:
She was in closest touch with us.
He is a most learned scholar in electronics.
(2)作表语的形容词最高级,只用来同本身相比较,并且无一定范围时,前面不用定冠词。例如:
The lake is deepest at this point.
Vegetables are best when they are fresh.
(3)如果形容词前是同源宾语,前面不用定冠词,只用物主代词。例如:
She smiled her sweetest smile.
注:这种结构中的同源宾语常可省略。再如:
She sang her sweetest(song).
(4)如果形容词最高级用在由that,though,as引导的倒装让步状语从句中,前面不用定冠词。例如:
Youngest though he is,he is the wisest.
16.在a kind(kinds)of,a sort of,a type(types)of,a brand(brands)of,a variety(varieties)of,a form(forms)of,a style(styles)of,a species of等结构中,if后的名词前一般不用冠词。例如:
That is a curious species of rose.
These kinds of film are worth seeing.(也可用films)
注:a kind of通常表示两种含义:(1)颇有一点,有几分(rather,in some way),常指人,往往表示贬义;(2)一种,一类(a member of a particular class)。例如:
He is a kind of doctor.他还算得上是个医生吧。(医术不怎么样)
It's a kind of fish.它是一种鱼。
17.用于湖泊名称前。例如:Lake Erie,Lake Geneva,Silver Lake等。但中国的湖泊名译为英文时,通常要用定冠词,如:the West Lake,the Dongting Lake等。
18.用于单数名词变为抽象名词或物质名词时:
He is a man of family.(出身名门)
19.用于man和woman前,泛指人类或男女:
Man should help and love each other.
Man is taller than woman.
20.用于“形容词+of+表示身体部位的单数名词”结构中:
He is genuinely good,pure of heart.
21.用于表示对比或并列的结构中:
He is a stout man,red of face.
They kept the treasure under lock and key,day and night.
Nothing moved in sky,land or sea.
22.of前后的两个名词表示同位关系时,后一个名词前通常不用冠词。例如:
He is not used to the position of servant.
二、冠词省略的几种主要情况
1.广告
Waiter Wanted(A Waiter is Wanted)
Quiet Room To Let(A quiet room is to let.)
2.电报
BOY BABY BORN YESTERDAY
RECEIVED DICTIONARY THANKS MONEY SENT BY POSTAL ORDER
3.说明
Beat egg lightly with fork.
Open packet at other end.
4.公告、标志
Lift out of order(=The lift is out of order.)
Library ahead(=The library is ahead.)
5.日记
Fine day.Walk in morning.Riding Lesson in afternoon.Chicken for dinner.
6.新闻或文章标题
(The)Police Attack(the)Demonstrators
(A)Note on the Study of Lu Xun
7.书刊杂志名
(A)Guide to Patterns and Usage in English
(A) Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs and Their ldioms
8.口语
Sorry,(a)rotten thing to say.
(The)Fact is she doesn't like him.
9.习语
at(the)worst,go to(the)university,on(the)top of,pull out all(the)stops