中图分类号：G623.24文献标识码：A文章编号：ISSN1001-2982（2019）09-210-02
非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点,也是高考英语历年考查的热点和重点语法项目,但因其蕴含形式多变,用法繁杂等特征,学生们在实际学习时对于非谓语动词的理解和掌握程度还远远不够,对于非谓语动词的用法也没有系统梳理和总结。要想快速准确地做好此类题目,必须在掌握好非谓语动词的基本形式、充分了解非谓语动词的特点、对非谓语动词的考点了然于胸的情况下,通过有效的策略和技巧来解题。本文从非谓语动词应掌握的内容入手，以近两年全国卷的语法填空为例，阐述四表四步解非谓语动词的题。
一、非谓语动词的内容
1.非谓语动词的概念
非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是动词的各种形式在句子中不充当谓语,而是用作其他句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语等。非谓语动词有不定式、过去分词和V-ing。
They went to the park and_______(sing) all the way.（谓语：sung）
They went to the park, ____________(sing) all the way.（非谓语: singing）
2.非谓语动词的时态和语态
1）不定式的形式（以write为例）
主 动被 动
一般式to writeto be written
进行式to be writing/
完成式to have writtento have been written
2）V-ing
及 物 动 词 write不及物动词（以go为例）
主动语态被动语态主动语态
一般式writingbeing writtengoing
完成式having writtenhaving been writtenhaving gone
3）过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
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________(watch) TV, he was doing his homework.（Watching）
（watch 与do同时进行）
________(finish) his homework, he went home.（Having finished）
（finish发生在go home之前）
The meeting__________(hold) tomorrow is important.（to be held）
（由tomorrow可知，hold发生在将来，同时与The meeting的关系表被动）
I still remember__________(take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.（being taken）（remember doing表“记得已经做过某事”，同时，与I表被动）
3.非谓语动词在句中的成分（非谓语动词的句法功能）
1
主语
表语
宾语
补语
定语
状语
同位语
不定式???????
动名词?????
现在分词????
过去分词????
________(watch) TV, he finished his homework before 9 o”clock.（To watch）
（非谓语动词做状语，此处表目的，用to watch）
________(watch) TV, he was doing his homework.（Watching）
（非谓语动词做状语，“一边看电视，一边做作业”，用 watching）
4.非谓语动词的逻辑主语
所充当的句子成分宾语和表语定语状语宾补
逻辑主语句子的主语被修饰的词主句的主语句子的宾语
He had his house _________(clean).（cleaned）
（非谓语动词做宾补，逻辑主语是his house，宾语和宾补的关系表被动）
He had Alice________(clean) the house.（clean）
（非谓语动词做宾补，逻辑主语是Alice，宾语和宾补的关系表主动）
_______(throw) their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.（Throwing）
（非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是the fans，两者的关系表主动）
二、非谓语动词的做题方法
1.根据上面的四个表格的内容，解非谓语动词的题主要分为下面四步:
1）确定非谓语动词在句中做什么成分
2）找准非谓语动词的逻辑主语
3）考虑非谓语动词的时态和语态
4.）记住非谓语动词的基本特点：to do表目的将来；doing表主动进行；done表被动完成。
2.下面以2019和2018年全国卷语法填空为例，具体分析如何解题。
（1）（2019全国卷I）Modem methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area. ... Scientists have responded by 67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,...
答案：64. to perform 63. noting
解析：64. 非谓语动词做状语，are expensive 充当谓语，逻辑主语是主句的主语Modem methods；
noting ，by介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语Scientists，表主动。
（2）（2019全国卷II）A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for 61 （be）Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week. ...proud Irene 64 （declare） she had no plans 65 （retire） from her 36-year-old business. ...“We don't have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call 68 （say）she was short-listed，...
答案：61. being 65. to retire 68. saying
解析：61.for介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语A 90-year-old，表主动。
65.非谓语动词做定语，逻辑主语是Irene，表将来，用to retire；
68.非谓语动词做定语，逻辑主语是a call，“电话的内容是...”,表主动,用saying。
（3）（2019全国卷III）On our way to the house，it was raining 61 hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 62 （get）there.
On the last day of our week-long stay，we 69 （invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， 70 （listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
答案：62. to get 70. listening
解析：62. 非谓语动词做主语， would take 充当谓语， it是形式主语，不定式 to get there是真正的主语；
70.非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是主句的主语we，表主动。
（4）（2018全国卷I）You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running.
答案：62. to see 63. dying
解析：62. 非谓语动词做状语， don’t have to 充当谓语，逻辑主语是主句的主语you，to see表目的；
63. dying ，of介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语you，表主动。
（5）（2018全国卷II）The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 64 (improve) water quality. ......China’s approach to protecting its environment while 70 (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,” says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
答案：64. to improve 70. feeding
解析：64.非谓语动词， encourages充当谓语，improve作非谓语表目的；
70.非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是China，表主动。
（6） （2018全国卷III）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64 (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel 65 (challenge).
Once his message was delivered, he allowed me 70 (stay) and watch.
答案:64. looking 65. challenged 70. to stay
解析:64．非谓语动词做宾语，逻辑主语是I ，表主动。“我赶紧低下头，以免直视他的眼睛。”根据句子结构可知，此处不需要谓语动词。固定表达 avoid doing…．避免做某事。
65．challenge作系动词feel的表语，逻辑主语为为he，故要用 challenged，表示“受到挑战的”。
70． 固定表达 allow sb．to do...允许某人做某事，逻辑主语为为he，表主动。
论文作者:李外芬
论文发表刊物:《中小学教育》2019年9月4期
论文发表时间:2019/11/19
标签：动词论文; 主语论文; 非谓语论文; 状语论文; 逻辑论文; 宾语论文; 主句论文; 《中小学教育》2019年9月4期论文;